Trees provide substantial benefits to the environment. In addition to improving air quality, reducing stormwater runoff, serving as a wildlife habitat, and sequestering carbon by absorbing carbon dioxide, trees also cool the atmosphere through shade and transpiration (loss of water vapor). As the world’s climate warms, some cities are planting trees to increase the amount of canopy cover needed to counteract the heat island effect, an atmospheric condition in which urban areas are warmer than their rural surroundings. The percentage of tree canopy coverage that is needed to realize a cooling effect had been largely unknown until researchers reporting in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (April 2019) measured the effect of canopy cover on daytime air temperature in a city in the Midwestern United States using bicycle-mounted sensors. See also: Global climate change; Plant-water relations; Tree; Urban climatology; Urban tree leaves remove fine-particulate air pollution